Ogled vira Ernst Karl Abbe

{{infopolje Znanstvenik
|name              = Ernst Karl Abbe
|image             = <!-- wikipodatki -->
|caption           = <!-- wikipodatki -->
|birth_date        = <!-- wikipodatki -->
|birth_place       = <!-- wikipodatki -->
|death_date        = <!-- wikipodatki -->
|death_place       = <!-- wikipodatki -->
|residence         = [[Slika:Flag of Germany (1867–1919).svg|20px]] [[Severnonemška konfederacija]] <br /> [[Slika:Flag of Germany (1867–1919).svg|20px]] [[Nemško cesarstvo]]
|citizenship       = [[Nemško cesarstvo]]
|nationality       = {{ikonazastave|Nemčija}} [[Nemci|nemška]]
|field             = [[fizika]], [[optika]]
|work_institution  = [[Univerza v Jeni]]
|alma_mater        = [[Univerza v Göttingenu]] <br /> [[Univerza v Jeni]] <br> <small> [[doktorat]] 1861 </small>
|doctoral_advisor  = [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]] <br /> [[Karl Snell]]
|doctoral_students = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]
|notable_students  = [[Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege]]
|known_for         = [[Abbejev refraktometer]] <br /> [[Abbejevo število]]
|prizes            =
|religion          = 
|footnotes         = 
}}

'''Ernst Karl Abbe''', [[Nemci|nemški]] [[fizik]], [[optik]], [[poslovnež]], in družbeni reformator, * [[23. januar]] [[1840]], [[Eisenach]], vojvodina Veliko Saška-Weimar-Eisenach, † [[14. januar]] [[1905]], [[Jena]], [[Nemčija]].

Abbe je skupaj s [[Friedrich Otto Schott|Friedrichom Ottom Schottom]] in [[Carl Zeiss|Carlom Zeissom]] postavil temelje sodobne  [[optika|optike]]. Z [[znanstveno delo|znanstvenim delom]] v optiki je omogočil razcvet Zeissove [[tovarna|tovarne]] v Jeni iz majhne Zeissove delavnice iz leta 1846. Razvil, konstruiral in dodelal je mnoge [[optični inštrument|optične inštrumente]]: [[refraktometer]], [[daljnogled]] s [[prizma]]mi, [[objektiv]]e za [[fotokamera|fotokamero]], [[daljinomer]], itd. Bil je solastnik podjetja Carl Zeiss, znanega nemškega proizvajalca raziskovalnih [[mikroskop]]ov, [[teleskop]]ov, [[planetarij]]ev in drugih optičnih sistemov.

== Življenje ==
[[Slika:Else Abbe.png|left|thumb|Else Snell]]

Abbe se je rodil v Eisenachu, v veliki kneževini Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach, dandanašnji [[Turingija|Turingiji]].<ref name="NDB">{{NDB|1|2|3|Abbe, Ernst Carl|Ewald Blasius}}</ref> Izhajal je iz skromnih razmer — njegov oče je bil delovodja v tkalnici. Ob podpori očetovega delodajalca je lahko obiskoval srednjo šolo in s precej dobrimi ocenami izpolnil splošne pogoje za vpis na univerzo. Ob koncu srednje šole je bilo že jasno čutiti njegovo nadarjenost za znanost in pa njegovo močno voljo. Tako se je kljub zaostrenim denarnim okoliščinam v družini, njegov oče odločil, da sina podpre pri študiju na univerzah v Jeni (1857—1859) in Göttingenu (1859—1861).<ref name="NDB" /> Med svojim časom kot študent, si je z inštrukcijami pomagal izboljšati svoje dohodke. Očetov delodajalec ga je še naprej finančno podpiral.

23. marca 1861 je pridobil naslov [[doktor filozofije|doktorja filozofije]] v Göttingenu. Obranjeni disertaciji sta sledili dve kratki zaposlitvi, v [[Observatorij Göttingen|Observatoriju v Göttingenu]] in pri ''Physikalischer Verein'' v [[Frankfurt na Majni|Frankfurtu na Majni]] (tj. pri združenju državljanov, ki se zanimajo za fiziko in kemijo -  ustanovil ga je [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] leta 1824 in še vedno obstaja tudi danes). Dne 8. avgusta 1863 je pridobil na univerzi v Jeni naziv univerzitetnega predavatelja. Leta 1870 je sprejel mesto izrednega profesorja za fiziko in matematiko v Jeni.<ref name="NDB" /><ref name="EB">{{navedi enciklopedijo|last= |first= |authorlink= |editor-first= |editor-last= |editor-link= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Abbe, Ernst |edition=15th |year=2010| publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak - Bayes|location= Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=11}}</ref> Leta 1871 je poročil Elso Snell, hčerko matematika in fizika [[Karl Snell|Karla Snell]]a, enega od svojih učiteljev. 1878 je postal predstojnik astronomskih in meteoroloških observatorijev v Jeni.<ref name="EB" /> Leta 1889 je postal član Bavarske akademije znanosti in umetnosti. Bil je tudi član Saške akademije znanosti. Leta 1891 so ga oprostili učnih obveznosti na Jenski univerzi.<ref name="NDB" />

== Delo ==
[[Slika:Microscope Zeiss 1879.jpg|thumb|upright|Mikroskop podjetja [[Carl Zeiss]] (1879) z Abbejevo optiko]]
[[Slika:Stamps of Germany (BRD) 1968, MiNr 548.jpg|upright|thumb|Nemška znamka iz leta 1968]]
[[Slika:Abbe-Grab kl.jpg|upright|thumb|Ernst Abbe, relief na njegovem grobu]]

Leta 1866 je postal direktor razvoja v podjetju [[Carl Zeiss AG|Optični aparati Zeiss]], kjer je 1868 iznašel [[apokromat]], to je [[mikroskopsko]] [[leča (optika)|lečo]], pri katerih je tako primarna kot tudi sekundarna [[barvna napaka|barvna okvara]] odstranjena.<ref name="EB" /> Razvil je kot prvi [[refraktometer]] in ga opisal v knjižici, objavljeni leta 1874.<ref>{{sktxt|Abbe|1874a}}.</ref> Odkril in opisal je [[Abbejevo število]], to je mero za odvisnost [[lomni količnik|lomnega količnika]] od [[valovna dolžina|valovne dolžine]] pri prozornih snoveh, in pa [[Abbejev kriterij]], po katerem [[kotna ločljivost]] ne more biti manjša od količnika valovne dolžine in premera aperture.<ref>{{navedi knjigo|author= American Congress on Surveying and Mapping|title= Glossary of the mapping sciences|year= 1994|publisher= American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing|location= Maryland}}</ref> Ko je že bil profesor v Jeni, ga je podjetnik [[Carl Zeiss]], v želji, da mu Abbe pomaga izboljšati procese v proizvodnji optičnih inštrumentov, pritegnil k sodelovanju; izdelava teh inštrumentov je dotlej v veliki meri temeljila na poskusih in napakah. Abbeju je v leta dolgih naporih, ki so ga spremljali tudi neuspehi, uspelo razviti teorijo optike v mikroskopih in praktične metode za nadzor kakovosti. ''Carl Zeiss'' je tako odtlej bil sposoben izdelovati mikroskope, katerih značilnosti so bile vnaprej predvidene in znane. Carl Zeiss se je leta 1875 odločil, svojemu prijatelju ponuditi solastništvo v podjetju, tako da je odtlej Ernst Abbe kot tihi solastnik velik del svojih sil in zmožnosti posvetil rastočemu podjetju.

Abbe je prvi uporabil izraz [[numerična apertura]]<ref name="NA Est">{{sktxt|Abbe|1881}}.</ref> za [[Trigonometrična funkcija|sinus]] polovičnega kota, pomnožen z lomnim količnikom medija med pokrivnim stekelcem in lečo. Po mnenju mnogih je zaslužen za odkritje meje [[ločljivost mikroskopa|ločljivosti mikroskopa]] in za leta 1873 objavljeno formulo:

: <math> d = \frac{\lambda}{2 NA} \!\, . </math>

[[Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz|Helmholtz]]<ref>{{sktxt|Helmholtz|1876}}.</ref> je formulo navedelv članku iz leta 1874, s pripombo, da jo je prvi izpeljal [[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]], ki je bil umrl pred 61 leti. Abbe je spadal v tabor pristašev odprte aperture, argumentiral je, da je ločljivost mikroskopa konec koncev omejena z aperturo uporabljene optike, da pa gre tudi za odvisnost od drugih parametrov, ki jih je poleg aperture treba pri razvoju [[objektiv]]ov upoštevati. Abbe je leta 1874 v članku z naslovom »''A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision''«<ref>{{sktxt|Abbe|1874b}}.</ref> trdil, da je ločljivost mikroskopa obratno sorazmerna njegovi aperturi, vendar formule za omejitev ločljivosti mikroskopov ni navedel.

Čeprav so formulo zgoraj teoretično kot prvi izpeljali drugi, je pošteno reči, da je bil Abbe prvi, ki je do tega zaključka prišel eksperimentalno. Objektivi, ki so bili plod sodelovanja Abbeja in Zeissa, so imeli idealno geometrijo za poti [[žarek|žarkov]], tako da je lahko Abbe eksperimentalno potrdil, da apertura, ne pa ukrivljenost ali lega leč, postavlja zgornjo mejo za ločljivost. Abbe je enačbo prvič objavil leta 1882.<ref>{{sktxt|Abbe|1883}}.</ref> V tem članku je Abbe navedel, da njegove teoretične in eksperimentalne raziskave potrjujejo gornjo enačbo. Po mnenju Abbejevega sodobnika, H. E. Frippa, ki je članke tako Abbeja kot Helmholtza prevedel v angleščino, so prispevki obeh avtorjev enakovredni.
 
Abbejeve raziskave, katerih cilj so bili visoko kakovostni objektivi, so pripeljale do pomembnih dosežkov, kot sta recimo diagnoza in korekcija optične [[aberacija (optika)|aberacije]], brez katere pri objektivih ni mogoče doseči meje ločljivosti po enačbi zgoraj. Poleg [[sferna aberacija|sferne aberacije]] je Abbe tudi odkril [[Abbejev sinusni pogoj]], ki pravi, da morajo v optičnem sistemu, za katerega želimo z [[uklon|difrakcijo]] omejeno prenosno funkcijo, žarki imeti konstantno kotno [[povečava|povečavo]] po celotni porazdelitvi kotov.<ref name="NA Est" />

Abbe je izumil po njem imenovan kondenzor, ki se v mikroskopih uporablja za osvetljevanje vzorca.<ref>{{navedi splet|title= Abbe, Ernst – Encyclopædia Britannica – Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service|url= http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9003239|accessdate= 2008-05-11|language= en}}{{Slepa povezava|date=september 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Med svojim dejavnim sodelovanjem pri Carl Zeissu je tudi uvedel osemurni delavnik, kot spomin in odgovor na 14-urno vsakodnevno garanje svojega očeta. Leta 1891 je ustanovil in finančno omogočil [[Carl Zeiss Foundation|Fundacijo Carl Zeiss]] za znanstvene raziskave.<ref name=EB/>

== Priznanja ==

=== Poimenovanja ===

Po njem se imenuje [[krater]] [[Abbe (krater)|Abbe]] na [[Luna|Luni]] in [[asteroid]] [[asteroidni pas|glavnega pasu]] [[5224 Abbe]].

== Izbrana dela ==

Abbe je bil pionir na področju optike, načrtovanja leč in mikroskopije; za sodobnike je bil avtoriteta. Zapustil nam je številne publikacije s svojimi dognanji, izumi in odkritji. Spodaj je seznam publikacij, katerih avtor je, med njimi se najde tudi veliko povezav do skeniranih strani (Google Knjiga).

* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 9
| pages = 469–480
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über einen neuen Beleuchtungsapparat am Mikroskop
| journal = Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie
| year = 1873
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LMkVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Abbe%20Archiv%20f%C3%BCr%20Mikroskopische%20Anatomie%201873&pg=PA469#v=onepage&q=abbe&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| doi = 10.1007/BF02956173
| issn = 0176-7364
| volume = 9
| issue = 1
| pages = 413–468
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung
| journal = Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie
| accessdate = 2010-08-27
| year = 1873
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LMkVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Abbe%20Archiv%20f%C3%BCr%20Mikroskopische%20Anatomie%201873&pg=PA413#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 200–261
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the Nature of Microscopic Vision
| journal = Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society
| year = 1874
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TC8UAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bristol%20Naturalists%20Society%201875&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 8
| pages = 96–174
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und flüssiger Körper
| journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
| year = 1874
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=87UUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jenaische%20Zeitschrift%20f%C3%BCr%20Naturwissenschaft%20Volume%208&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 13
| pages = 77–82
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = A New Illuminating Apparatus for the Microscope
| journal = The Monthly Microscopical Journal
| year = 1875
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=sOEUAAAAYAAJ&dq=A%20new%20illuminating%20apparatus%20for%20the%20microscope%201875%20abbe&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 14
| pages = 191–201
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Extracts from Mr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope
| journal = The Monthly Microscopical Journal
| year = 1875
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UTA4AAAAMAAJ&dq=On%20the%20microscope%20abbe%201875%20monthly&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 14
| pages = 245–254
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Extracts from Mr. H. E. Fripp's Translation of Professor Abbe's Paper on the Microscope (Cont.)
| journal = The Monthly Microscopical Journal
| year = 1875
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UTA4AAAAMAAJ&dq=On%20the%20microscope%20abbe%201875%20monthly&pg=PA245#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| pages = 11–17
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über mikrometrische Messung mittelst optischer Bilder
| journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
| year = 1878
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=ueber%20mikrometrische%20messung%20mittelst%20optischer%20bilder&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| pages = 98–105
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über Blutkorper-Zahlung
| journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
| year = 1878
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Uber%20Blutkoerper%20Zahlung&pg=PR98#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| pages = 129–142
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über die Bedingungen des Aplanatismus der Linsensysteme
| journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
| year = 1878
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ueber%20die%20Bedingungen%20des%20Aplanatis&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| pages = 71–109
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über die Grenzen der geometrischen Optik
| journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
| year = 1878
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Ueber%20die%20Grenzen%20der%20geometrischen%20Optik&pg=RA1-PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 2
| pages = 256–265
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = On Stephenson's System of Homogeneous Immersion for Microscope Objectives
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| date = 1879-06-11
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=d_MVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Stephenson's%20System%20abbe&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 2
| pages = 812–824
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = On New Methods for Improving Spherical Correction applied to the Construction of Wide-angled Object-glasses
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| year = 1879
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=d_MVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Stephenson's%20System%20abbe&pg=PA812#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| pages = 57–66
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über die Bestimmung von Zeit und Polhöhe aus Beobachtungen in Höhenparallen
| journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
| date = 1879-05-02
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Uber%20die%20Bestimmung%20von%20Zeit%20and%20Abbe&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| pages = 35–44
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über die Bestimmung der Brechungs-Verhältnisse fester Körper mittelst des Refractometers
| journal = Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft
| date = 1879-02-21
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nbcUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Uber%20die%20Bestimmung%20von%20Zeit%20and%20Abbe&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 3
| pages = 509–515
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Conditions on Aplanatism of Systems of Lenses
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| year = 1880
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA831#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 3
| pages = 20–31
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Some Remarks on the Apertometer
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| year = 1880
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=YOAUAAAAYAAJ&dq=Some%20remarks%20on%20the%20apertometer%20abbe%20v%203&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 526
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = The Essence of Homogenous Immersion
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1880
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA526#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 690–692
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Illumination for Binocular Microscopes with HIgh Powers
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1880
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 831–832
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Penetrating Power of Objectives
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1880
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA831#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 17
| pages = 197–224
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Beschreibung eines neuen stereoskopischen Oculars
| journal = Repertorium für Experimental-Physik für Physikalische Technik
| year = 1881
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1UzPAAAAMAAJ&dq=Beschreibung%20eines%20neuen%20stereo%20a%20197&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 131–134
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Origin of Homogeneous Immersion
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1881
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20Society%20Abbe%20On%20the%20Function%20of%20Aperture&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 680–689
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Conditions of Microstereoscopic Vision – "Penetration"
| series = 2
| year = 1881
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA680#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| pages = 388–423
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| year = 1881
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA388#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 203–211
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = On the Conditions of Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Effects in the Binocular Microscope
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1881
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 298–299
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Abbe's Stereoscopic Eye-piece
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1881
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xe4BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Conditions%20of%20microsteroscopic%20vision%201%20Abbe&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 831
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Conditions of Aplanatism for Wide-angled Pencils
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1881
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=mXBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=Microscopy%20Society%20Journal%201880%20Abbe%20509&pg=PA509#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 2
| pages = 693–696
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Miniatured Images
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1882
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Oks4AAAAMAAJ&dq=Miniature%20images%202%201882%20Journal%20Abbe&pg=PA693#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 2
| issue = 3
| pages = 300–309
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| year = 1882
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KPQVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20Microscopy%201881%20%22The%20Relation%20of%20Aperture%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Microscope%22&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 2
| issue = 1
| pages = 460–473
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued).
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1882
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4r4EAAAAQAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20Society%20%201881&pg=PA460#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 3
| issue = 1
| pages = 790–812
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1883
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aHhJAAAAYAAJ&dq=The%20Relation%20of%20Aperture%20and%20Power%20in%20the%20Microscope%20abbe&pg=PA790#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 4
| issue = 1
| pages = 348–351
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Note on the Proper Definition of the Amplifying Power of a Lens or Lens-System
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| year = 1884
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=th4AAAAAMAAJ&dq=Note%20on%20the%20proper%20definition%20of%20the%20amplifying%20power%20of%20a%20lens%20or%20a%20lens%20system&pg=PA348#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 4
| issue = 1
| pages = 20–27
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = On the Mode of vision with Objectives of Wide Aperture
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| year = 1884
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=th4AAAAAMAAJ&dq=Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Microscopical%20society%201884&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi knjigo
| publisher = Google Patents
| last = ABBE
| first = E.
| title = DOUBLE PRISM FOR TOTALLY-REFLECTING REFRACTOMETERS
| year = 1895
}}
* {{navedi knjigo
| publisher = Vieweg
| last1 = Abbe
| first1 = E.
| last2 = Lummer
| first2= O.
| last3= Reiche
| first3= F.
| title = Die Lehre von der Bildentstehung im Mikroskop
| year = 1910
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 2
| pages = 107–108
| last = Abbe
| first = E.
| title = The new microscope
| journal = S Ber Jena Ges Med
| year = 1886
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 99722
| last1 = Abbe
| first1 = E.
| last2 = Rudolph
| first2= Paul
| title = Anamorphotisches Linsensystem
| journal = German Pat
| year = 1897
}}
* {{navedi knjigo
| publisher = Vopelius
| last = Abbe
| first = E.
| title = Motive und Erläuterungen zum Entwurf eines Statuts der Carl Zeiss-Stiftung
| year = 1895
}}
* {{navedi knjigo
| publisher = G. Fischer
| last = Abbe
| first = E.
| title = Sozialpolitische Schriften
| url = https://archive.org/details/sozialpolitische00abbe
| year = 1906
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 10
| pages = 446–447
| last = Abbe
| first = E.
| title = Messapparate für Physiker
| journal = Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde
| year = 1890
}}
* {{citat
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Telescope
| location = Jena
| accessdate = 2010-08-27
| date = 1897-06-22
| url = http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=0584976.PN.&OS=PN/0584976&RS=PN/0584976
}}
* {{citat
| last1 = Abbe
| first1 = Ernst
| last2 = Rudolph
| first2= Paul
| title = Photographic Objective
| location = Jena
| accessdate = 2010-08-27
| date = 1890-08-26
| url = http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=0435271.PN.&OS=PN/0435271&RS=PN/0435271
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| last = Abbe
| first = E.
| title = Die optischen Hilfsmittel der Mikroskopie. Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Apparate auf der Londoner internationalen Ausstellung (1876), Hrsg. Hoffmann, AW (1878), Braunschweig, 383
| journal = Abbe, E.(1904), Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Bd
| year = 1876
}}
* {{navedi knjigo
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst
| title = Über Verbesserungen des Mikroscope mit Hilfe neuer Arten optischen Glases
| year = 1886
}}

== Glej tudi  ==

* [[Abbe-Königova prizma]]
* [[Abbejev diagram]]
* [[Abbejev refraktometer]]
* [[Abbejev sinusni pogoj]]
* [[Abbejeva prizma]]
* [[Abbejevo število]]
* [[Abbejeva napaka]]
* [[Porro-Abbejeva prizma]]
* [[aberacija v optičnih sistemih]]
* [[izračun lastnosti stekla]]

{{clear}}

== Sklici ==

{{sklici|4}}

== Viri ==

{{refbegin|2}}
* {{navedi knjigo|last= Abbe|first=Ernts Karl|title= Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs – und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und fluüssiger Körper|year= 1874a|publisher= Mauke's Verlag|location= Jena}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 200–261
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst Karl
| title = A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision
| journal = Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society
| year = 1874b
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TC8UAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bristol%20Naturalists%20Society%201875&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 1
| pages = 388–423
| last= Abbe|first=Ernts Karl
| title = On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| issue = 3
| year = 1881
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05909.x
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 3
| issue = 6
| pages = 790–812
| last = Abbe
| first = Ernst Karl
| title = The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)
| journal = Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
| series = 2
| year = 1883
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1883.tb05956.x
}}
* {{navedi revijo
| volume = 16
| pages = 15–39
| last = Helmholtz
| first = Hermann
| authorlink = Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
| title = On the Limits of the Optical Capacity of the Microscope
| journal = The Monthly microscopical journal
| issue = 1
| date = julij 1876
| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1876.tb05606.x
}}
{{refend}}

== Nadaljnje branje ==

* {{navedi revijo|last= Gunther|first= N.|title= Abbe, Ernst|journal= [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]|year= 1970|location= New York, NY, ZDA|publisher= Charles Scribner's Sons|volume= 1|pages= 6–9}}
* {{navedi revijo|last= Sella|first= Andrea|title = Abbé's refractometer|journal= Chemistry World|date=november 2008|page= 67|url= http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/November/AbbesRefractometer.asp}}
* {{navedi knjigo|last= Mühlfriedel|first= Wolfgang|last2= Hellmuth|first2= Edith|title= Carl Zeiss: Die Geschichte Eines Unternehmens|year= 1996|isbn = 3412056960|publisher= Böhlau Verlag}}

== Zunanje povezave ==

{{Zbirka|Ernst Abbe}}
* {{navedi splet|last= Paselk|first= Richard A.|title= The Evolution of the Abbe Refractometer|url= http://www.humboldt.edu/~scimus/Essays/EvolAbbeRef/EvolAbbeRef.htm|accessdate= 2008-05-11|archive-date= 2009-12-28|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091228014549/http://www.humboldt.edu/~scimus/Essays/EvolAbbeRef/EvolAbbeRef.htm|url-status= dead}} {{ikona en}}
* [http://www.atago.net/USA/mame.html Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters) ] {{ikona en}}
* [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abbe.html Stran o Ernstu Karlu Abbeju Univerze svetega Andreja] {{ikona en}}
* [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/abbe.html Molecular Expressions's biography] {{ikona en}}
* {{gutenberg author | id=Ernst_Abbe | name=Ernst Abbe}}
* [http://www.musoptin.com/abbe_ref_2028.html Abbe Refractometer] podjetja Carl Zeiss iz 1904
* [http://corporate.zeiss.com/corporate/en_de/history.html Carl Zeiss AG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114010821/http://corporate.zeiss.com/corporate/en_de/history.html |date=2014-01-14 }} - zgodovina {{ikona en}}
* [http://academictree.org/physics/tree.php?pid=34463 Akademsko drevo Ernsta Karla Abbeja] na Physics Tree {{ikona en}}

{{normativna kontrola}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbe, Ernst}}
[[Kategorija:Nemški izumitelji]]
[[Kategorija:Nemški fiziki]]
[[Kategorija:Nemški optiki]]
[[Kategorija:Steklo]]
[[Kategorija:Mikroskopija]]
[[Kategorija:Diplomiranci Univerze v Göttingenu]]
[[Kategorija:Doktorirali na Univerzi v Jeni]]
[[Kategorija:Nemški akademiki]]
[[Kategorija:Člani Pruske akademije znanosti]]
[[Kategorija:Ljudje, po katerih so poimenovali krater na Luni]]
[[Kategorija:Diplomiranci Univerze v Jeni]]
[[Kategorija:Predavatelji na Univerzi v Jeni]]
[[Kategorija:Ernst Karl Abbe| ]]